If you do not have a cdp command available on your linux server, then tcpdump can be used instead.

$ sudo tcpdump -nn -v -s 1500 -c 1 'ether[20:2] == 0x2000' -i eth0

tcpdump: listening on bond1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 1500 bytes
08:53:01.946674 CDPv2, ttl: 180s, checksum: 692 (unverified), length 254
        Device-ID (0x01), length: 37 bytes: 'switch-name'
        Address (0x02), length: 13 bytes: IPv4 (1) 192.168.0.2
        Port-ID (0x03), length: 12 bytes: 'Ethernet1/16'
        Capability (0x04), length: 4 bytes: (0x00000228): L2 Switch, IGMP snooping
        Version String (0x05), length: 66 bytes:
          Cisco Nexus Operating System (NX-OS) Software, Version 6.0(2)N2(2)
        Platform (0x06), length: 11 bytes: 'N5K-C5548UP'
        Native VLAN ID (0x0a), length: 2 bytes: 209
        AVVID trust bitmap (0x12), length: 1 byte: 0x00
        AVVID untrusted ports CoS (0x13), length: 1 byte: 0x00
        Duplex (0x0b), length: 1 byte: full
        System Name (0x14), length: 11 bytes: 'switch-name'
        System Object ID (not decoded) (0x15), length: 14 bytes:
          0x0000:  040c 1b06 0204 0103 0d02 0102 123c
        Management Addresses (0x16), length: 13 bytes: IPv4 (1) 192.168.0.3
        Physical Location (0x17), length: 8 bytes: 0x00/switch-location
1 packets captured
16 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

It might take up to 60 seconds before you get a result from this command.

Lines of interest
Device-ID – tells us the switch name
Port-ID – the port you are connected to
Native VLAN ID – the ports VLAN